Momento de la cirugía en pacientes iraquíes con Contagio de COVID-19 / Timing of surgery in Iraqi patients with COVID-19 infection

Los pacientes con infección perioperatoria por COVID-19 tienen un alto riesgo de muerte y complicaciones posoperatorias. En la actualidad, la infección por COVID-19 en Irak representó 1.696.390 casos con 19.087 muertes. Un estudio nacional, único y observacional que incluyó pacientes con infección por COVID-19 que se sometieron a cualquier tipo de cirugía en el Hospital General de Abu-Graib, Bagdad, Irak, durante el período del 19 de marzo de 2020 al 30 de abril de 2021. Tiempo desde el diagnóstico de la infección por COVID-19 El día de la cirugía se recogió como factor categórico dividido en: (a) 0-3 semanas; (b) 4­6 semanas; (c) >6 semanas. Edad; sexo; estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA); comorbilidades cardíacas; comorbilidades respiratorias; indicación de cirugía; grado de cirugía; y se documentaron los tipos quirúrgicos. Se incluyeron un total de 378 pacientes con una edad media de 47,89±16,03 años. Las mujeres eran más que los hombres (65,87% > 34,13%). Aproximadamente, el 76,72% de los pacientes pertenecían a ASA I-II, mientras que el 23,28% eran ASA III-IV. Alrededor del 19,05% de los pacientes sufría de comorbilidades cardíacas. 266/378 de los pacientes se quejaron de comorbilidades respiratorias. Cirugía indicada en 35,45% condiciones benignas, 27,5% obstetricia, 7,65% cirugía oncológica y 29,4% operaciones traumáticas. Operaciones mayores documentadas en 205/378 pacientes. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas de urgencia realizadas en (176, 46,56%), mientras que los casos electivos fueron 202/378 (53,44%). En total, en el momento de la operación, 80 (21,16 %) pacientes tenían un diagnóstico preoperatorio de COVID-19. El tiempo desde el diagnóstico de COVID-19 hasta la cirugía fue de 0 a 3 semanas en 98 pacientes (25,93 %), de 4 a 6 semanas en 115 pacientes (30,42 %) y >6 semanas en 165 pacientes (43,65 %). La tasa de mortalidad postoperatoria global fue del 9,52% (36/378). Con respecto a la complicación cardiaca de la O.P., no hubo asociación significativa en relación al momento previo a la cirugía (p=0,08). Sin embargo, la complicación cardíaca global fue del 16,4%. En general, el 44,97 % (170/378) de los pacientes desarrollaron una complicación pulmonar por O.P. durante el período de seguimiento. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer estudio que proporciona datos sólidos sobre el momento óptimo para la cirugía después de la infección por COVID-19 en Irak. El momento óptimo de la cirugía después de la infección por COVID-19 fue de más de 6 semanas. Descubrimos que los riesgos de morbilidad y mortalidad por O.P. son mayores si los pacientes son operados dentro de las 6 semanas posteriores al diagnóstico de infección por COVID-19.

Patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection are at high risk of death and complications postoperatively. Nowadays, COVID-19 infection in Iraq accounted 1,696,390 cases with 19,087 deaths. A national, single, and observational study that included patients with COVID-19 infection undergoing any type of surgery in Abu-Graib General Hospital, Baghdad Iraq during period from 19 March 2020 to 30 April 2021. Time from the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection to day of surgery was collected as a categorical factor divided into: (a) 0­3 wks; (b) 4­6 wks; (c) >6 wks. Age; sex; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status; cardiac comorbidities; respiratory comorbidities; indication for surgery; surgery grade; and surgical types were documented. A total of 378 patient were included with mean age was 47.89±16.03 years. Females were more than males (65.87% > 34.13%). Approximately, 76.72% of patients belonged within ASA I-II, whereas 23.28% were ASA III-IV. About 19.05% of patients suffered from cardiac comorbidities. 266/378 of patients complained from respiratory comorbidities. Surgery indicated in 35.45% benign conditions, 27.5% obstetrics, 7.65% oncological surgery, and 29.4% traumatic operations. Major operations documented in 205/378 patients. Emergencies surgical intervention done in (176, 46.56%), whereas elective cases were 202/378 (53.44%). In total at operation timing, 80(21.16%) patients had a preoperative COVID-19 diagnosis. The time from COVID-19 diagnosis to surgery was 0­3 weeks in 98 patients (25.93%), 4­6 weeks in 115 patients (30.42%), and >6 weeks in 165 patients (43.65%). The overall postoperative mortality rate was 9.52% (36/378). In regard to P. O. cardiac complication, there was no significant association in relation to timing before surgery (p=0.08). However, the overall cardiac complication was 16.4%. Overall, 44.97% (170/378) of patients developed a P. O. pulmonary complication within period of follow-up. To our knowledge this is the first study to provide strong data regarding the optimal timing for surgery following COVID-19 infection in Iraq. The optimal timing of surgery after COVID-19 infection was more than 6 wks. We found that risks of P. O. morbidity and mortality are greatest if patients are operated within 6 wks of diagnosis of COVID-19 infection

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training Using an Electronic Device on Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background Cardiac surgery causes pathophysiological changes that favor the occurrence of pulmonary and functional complications. Objective To investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with an electronic device on patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. A control group (CG) received conventional physical therapy care, and an intervention group (IG) received IMT using the POWERbreathe K5® electronic device. Two daily sessions of physical therapy were performed at the intensive care unit and one daily session at the ward until the sixth postoperative day. The following variables were measured preoperatively and on the sixth postoperative day, in both groups: inspiratory muscle strength, dynamic inspiratory muscle strength, and peak inspiratory flow. Data distribution was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Analysis of variance was used, and the results were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results Maximal inspiratory pressure (71.7 ± 17.1 cmH2O vs 63.3 ± 21.3 cmH2O; p = 0.11], S-index (52.61 ± 18.61 vs 51.08 ± 20.71), and peak inspiratory flow [(2.94 ± 1.09 vs 2.79 ± 1.26)] were maintained in the IG but had a significant reduction in the CG. Conclusion IMT performed with an electronic device was effective at maintaining inspiratory muscle strength, dynamic inspiratory muscle strength, and peak inspiratory flow when compared to conventional physical therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Brote de Covid-19 en centro penal de Gracias Lempira, Honduras. Reporte de caso / Report of clinical cases for COVID-19 in the Penal Center of Gracias, Lempira, Honduras

Justificación: los centros penales constituyen escenarios donde confluyen una serie de determinantes para la aparición de enfermedades de interés en salud pública, dada la vulnerabilidad imperante y el riesgo exponencial de propagación. En el mes de junio del año 2020 el personal de salud del municipio de Gracias, departamento de Lempira, al occidente de Honduras, observó un incremento en el número de enfermedades respiratorias agudas a expensas de las atenciones brindadas en el centro penal ubicado en esta ciudad. Metodología: se integró un equipo de investigación coordinado por la Unidad de Epidemiologia del Sistema Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos para realizar un estudio de casos. Resultados: se encontraron 63 casos de COVID-19, distribuidos entre personal penitenciario y privados de libertad; el 97% eran hombres, entre 40 y 59 años de edad, que presentaron un cuadro clínico de leve a moderado, siendo los síntomas más frecuentemente observados: fiebre, anosmia y tos persistente. Se inició manejo y tratamiento normado, ninguno de los casos requirió hospitalización. Discusión: de acuerdo al tiempo de incubación descrito para la COVID-19 y los resultados de las pruebas serológicas, se dedujo que el ingreso de la enfermedad al centro penitenciario fue a través del personal de seguridad, identificando el caso índice probable en un guardia penitenciarios que realizó un traslado hacia otro centro penal. Este reporte describe las acciones realizadas para la investigación y control del primer brote de la COVID-19 documentado en un centro penitenciario de Honduras...(AU)

Novo Coronavírus: fluxo de atendimento na aps para o novo coronavírus (2019-NCOV) / New Coronavirus: flow of care in the aftercare for the new coronavirus (2019-NCOV)

priorizar o atendimento de casos suspeitos de novo Coronavírus, medidas de controle e registrar o atendimento no sistema de informação da Atenção Primária (SISAB)

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en pacientes pediátricos / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in pediatric patients

La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente (PRR) es la segunda causa más frecuente de disfonía durante la infancia, cuyo agente causal más frecuente es el virus del papiloma humano serotipos 6 y 11. Con el objetivo de analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la PPR en pacientes pediátricos admitidos en el Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de recolección retrospectiva de datos durante el lapso 2011-2016. Entre las características sociodemográficas se encontró una edad promedio para el momento del diagnóstico de 4,4 ± 2,41 años, siendo los más afectados los preescolares (70%) sin predilección por sexo. Como antecedente prenatal, 90% fue producto de parto vaginal y 30% reportaron asma e infección respiratoria baja. Las características clínicas presentes fueron disfonía (90%), disnea (70%) y estridor (60%) y la localización de las lesiones fueron comisura anterior (100%), repliegues vocales (80% derecho y 90% izquierdo) y vestíbulo (40%). Se reportaron 40% de casos de VPH-6 y 10% de VPH-11. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en el 100% de los casos, de los cuales 50% requirió una segunda poda y 30% tres podas; 10% de los pacientes ameritaron traqueotomía. Este estudio aporta información sobre la importancia de reconocer tempranamente la disfonía persistente, lo que permite disminuir la demora en el diagnóstico de PRR y facilitar un manejo oportuno con menores tasas de recidiva a largo plazo(AU)

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the second most frequent cause of dysphonia during childhood; the most frequent causative agent is human papillomavirus serotypes 6 and 11. In order to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of RRP In pediatric admitted to the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during the 2011-2016 period. The average age of diagnosis was 4.4 ± 2.41 years, with the highest prevalence in preschool children (70%) and with no sex predilection. 90% of patients were product of vaginal delivery and 30% reported asthma and low respiratory infection. The clinical features present were dysphonia (90%), dyspnea (70%) and stridor (60%); location of the lesions were anterior commissure (100%), vocal folds (80% right and 90% left) and vestibule (40%). 40% of patients reported HPV-6 and 10% HPV-11. Treatment was surgical in 100% of cases of which 50% required a second pruning and 30% three pruning; 10% needed a tracheotomy. This study provides information on the importance of early recognition of persistent dysphonia allowing to reduce diagnosis delay of RRP and facilitate timely management with lower rates of long-term recurrence(AU)

Periodontal condition and immunological aspects of individuals hospitalized in the intensive care unit

Abstract There are few studies on the clinical and immunological periodontal status of intensive care unit (ICU) in-patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the periodontal condition among ICU in-patients through clinical and immunological periodontal parameters. From the sample of 373 hospitalized ICU patients, 182 were submitted' to a thorough clinical periodontal and immunological evaluation. Data on bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were collected and gingival sulcular fluid samples were quantified through ELISA on IL-1, IL-6, and MMP-2 for immunological evaluation. Data was statistically analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney tests, and Sperman's correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A high dental plaque index and a high prevalence of periodontitis (48.3%), mostly in moderate and localized chronic form, were observed. Individuals with periodontitis presented higher levels of IL-1 and MMP-2, while individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and individuals with two or more systemic diseases (MSD) presented higher levels of IL-1; diabetes mellitus (DM) and MSD individuals presented higher levels of IL-6. A positive association was found between the severity of periodontitis and CVD (OR 2.2; CI = 1.11-4.42). This study reported a 48.3% of the prevalence of periodontitis in ICU patients and a positive association between the severity of periodontitis and CVD. Additionally, higher levels of IL-1 and MMP-2 were found in individuals with periodontitis, higher levels of IL-6 were found in individuals with DM, and higher levels of IL-1 were found in individuals with CVD.

Resumo Existem poucos estudos sobre o estado clínico periodontal e imunológico de pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a condição periodontal entre os pacientes internados na UTI através de parâmetros clínicos periodontais e imunológicos. De uma amostra inicial de 373 pacientes internados em UTI, 183 foram submetidos a exame periodontal completo e análise imunológica. Os dados sobre o sangramento na sondagem (BOP), profundidade de sondagem (PD) e nível clínico de inserção (CAL) foram coletados e as amostras de fluido sulcular gengival foram quantificadas para avaliação imunológica através de ELISA para IL-1, IL-6 e MMP-2. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Qui-quadrado, exato de Fischer, Mann-Whitney, correlação de Sperman e análise de regressão logística multivariada. Foi observado um alto índice de placa dental e uma alta prevalência de periodontite (48,3%), principalmente na forma crônica moderada e localizada. Os indivíduos com periodontite apresentaram níveis mais altos de IL-1 e MMP-2, enquanto indivíduos com doença cardiovascular (CVD) e com mais de duas doenças sistêmicas (MSD) apresentaram níveis mais altos de IL-1 e os com diabetes mellitus (DM) e MSD apresentaram níveis mais elevados de IL-6. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre a gravidade da periodontite e CVD (OR 2.2; IC = 1,11-4,42). Este estudo reportou uma prevalência de periodontite em 48.3% dos pacientes em UTI e uma associação positiva entre ocorrência de periodontite e CVD. Além disso, níveis mais elevados de IL-1 e MMP-2 foram encontrados em indivíduos com periodontite, de IL-6 em indivíduos com DM e de IL-1 em indivíduos com CVD.

Prevalência de vacinação contra gripe nas populações adulta e idosa com doença respiratória pulmonar crônica / Prevalencia de vacunación contra gripe en poblaciones adultas y de la tercera edad con una enfermedad respiratoria pulmonar crónica / Prevalence of influenza vaccination in adults and elderly with chronic respiratory diseases

O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de vacinação contra gripe nas populações adulta e idosa com doença respiratória pulmonar crônica (DRPC). Foram considerados os indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 59 anos (n = 23.329) e ≥ 60 anos (n = 9.019) que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), realizada em 2013-2014. Estimaram-se as prevalências de vacinação contra gripe e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). As associações foram verificadas pelo teste qui-quadrado (Rao-Scott), considerando-se um nível de 5% de significância. Para o conjunto dos indivíduos com DRPC, a prevalência de vacinação foi de 42,1% (IC95%: 37,2-47,1), com diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos grupos etários (p < 0,001). Para a população adulta, verificaram-se diferenças significativas em relação à situação conjugal (p < 0,05), e para os idosos, observou-se maior prevalência no Sul em relação ao Nordeste (p < 0,05). Para o conjunto dos entrevistados, bronquite crônica foi a doença mais referida (43,5%). Considerando-se cada doença específica, o percentual de adultos vacinados foi baixo, variando de 25% (outras doenças pulmonares) a 42% (bronquite crônica), sem apresentar diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,330). Tanto os portadores de doença pulmonar quanto os idosos em geral (≥ 60 anos) fazem parte de grupos prioritários para a vacinação contra gripe e, de modo geral, para todos os subgrupos considerados, as prevalências estiveram abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde. A recomendação da vacina pelos profissionais de saúde pode contribuir para uma maior adesão desse grupo à vacinação.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de la vacunación contra la gripe en las poblaciones adultas y de la tercera edad con enfermedad respiratoria pulmonar crónica (DRPC). Se consideraron a individuos con edades entre 20 y 59 años (n = 23.329) y ≥ 60 años (n = 9.019) que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional sobre Acceso, Utilización y Promoción del Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), realizada en 2013-2014. Se estimaron las prevalencias de vacunación contra la gripe y los respectivos intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las asociaciones fueron verificadas por el test chi-cuadrado (Rao-Scott), considerándose un nivel de significancia de un 5%. Para el conjunto de los individuos con DRPC, la prevalencia de vacunación fue de un 42,1% (IC95%: 37,2-47,1), con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, en relación con los grupos etarios (p < 0,001). Para la población adulta, se verificaron diferencias significativas respecto a la situación conyugal (p < 0,05), y para los ancianos, se observó una mayor prevalencia en el Sur, en comparación con el Nordeste (p < 0,05). Para el conjunto de los entrevistados, la bronquitis crónica fue la enfermedad más reportada (43,5%). Considerándose cada enfermedad específica, el porcentaje de adultos vacunados fue bajo, variando de un 25% (otras enfermedades pulmonares) a un 42% (bronquitis crónica), sin presentar una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,330). Tanto los portadores de enfermedad pulmonar, como los ancianos en general (≥ 60 años), forman parte de grupos prioritarios para la vacunación contra la gripe y, de modo general, en todos los subgrupos considerados las prevalencias estuvieron por debajo de la meta establecida por el Ministerio de Salud. La recomendación de la vacuna por parte de los profesionales de salud puede contribuir a una mayor adhesión de ese grupo a la vacunación.

The objective was to estimate the prevalence of influenza vaccination in adults and elderly with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). The sample included individuals 20 to 59 years of age (n = 23,329) and ≥ 60 years (n = 9,019) that participated in the Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM) in 2013-2014. We estimated influenza vaccination prevalence rates and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Associations were verified with the Rao-Scott chi-square test, with significance set at 5%. For all adults and elderly with CRD, prevalence of vaccination was 42.1% (95%CI: 37.2-47.1), with a statistically difference between the two age groups (p < 0.001). The adult population showed significant differences according to marital status (p < 0.05), and the elderly population showed higher vaccination prevalence in the South of Brazil compared to the Northeast (p < 0.05). For the sample as a whole, chronic bronchitis was the most frequently reported disease (43.5%). Considering each specific disease, the percentage of vaccinated adults was low, varying from 25% (other respiratory diseases) to 42% (chronic bronchitis), without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.330). Individuals with respiratory diseases and the elderly in general (≥ 60 years) are priority groups for influenza vaccination; in general, in all the subgroups, prevalence rates were below the target set by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The recommendation that the vaccine should be applied by a health professional may explain this low adherence to vaccination by the elderly.

Enfermedades respiratorias en trabajadores expuestos al polvo laterítico / Respiratory diseases in workers exposed to lateritic dust

INTRODUCCIÓN: la inhalación sostenida de polvos inorgánicos en el ambiente laboral puede originar diversas enfermedades respiratorias, conocidas como enfermedades pulmonares de origen ocupacional. OBJETIVO: determinar la asociación entre la exposición prolongada al polvo de mineral laterítico y la ocurrencia de enfermedades respiratorias en los trabajadores expuestos. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte, prospectivo durante los años 2003 al 2012 en una empresa productora de níquel y cobalto, en el municipio Moa. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo masculino con 91,73 % y el grupo etario más afectado fue el de 45-49 años. De los trabajadores expuestos, 44 presentaron alguna enfermedad respiratoria, con un riesgo relativo de 5,59 y fracción atribuible de 0,8333. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, la neumoconiosis y la infección respiratoria por micobacterias atípicas, se presentaron en el 61,36 %, 22,72 % y 13,63 % de los pacientes, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: se halló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la exposición al polvo de mineral laterítico y la ocurrencia de enfermedades respiratorias en los trabajadores expuestos.

INTRODUCTION: sustained inhalation of inorganic dust at the workplace can cause various respiratory diseases, known as lung disease of occupational origin. OBJECTIVE: determine the association between prolonged exposure to dust from lateritic ore and the occurrence of respiratory disease in exposed workers. METHODS: an observational, analytical, cohort study was performed prospectively from 2003 to 2012 in a nickel and cobalt factory, in Moa municipality. RESULTS: male prevailed (91.73 %) and the most affected age group was 45-49 years. 44 out of the exposed workers had respiratory disease, with a relative risk of 5.59 and 0.8333 attributable fractions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis and respiratory atypical mycobacterial infection, occurred in 61.36 %, 22.72 % and 13.63 % of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: a statistically significant association between exposure to dust from lateritic ore and the occurrence of respiratory disease in exposed workers was found.

Protocolo de manejo del paciente con asma en la emergencia / Patient management protocol with asthma in the emergency

El asma es una enfermedad de las vías respiratorias que se caracteriza por inflamación crónica, hiperreactividad ante la e xposición a una amplia variedad de estímulos y obstrucción con limitación variable del flujo aéreo. Los pacientes presentan por esta causa diferente grado de paroxismo de tos, disnea, tiraje intercostal, sibilancias y otros síntomas que se exacerban durant e la crisis. La crisis de asma es un episodio agudo o subagudo de disnea, tos, sibilancias u o presión en el pecho que se presentan, como síntomas únicos o en cualquier combinación, en un paciente asmático, que no tienen una explicación diferente del asma misma y que tiene suficiente magnitud y duración para causar un cambio significativo del tratamiento o para motivar una consulta médica. Se acompaña de disminución del flujo espiratorio de aire que se puede cuantificar por espirometría o, de manera práctic a, por un dispositivo manual que mide el flujo máximo o pico: flujo espiratorio pico (FEP)...(AU)

Asthma is a disease of the respiratory tract characterized by chronic inflammation, hyperreactivity to exposure to a wide variety of stimuli, and obstruction with variable airflow limitation. Patients present for this cause a different degree of paroxysmal cough, dyspnea, intercostal retractions, wheezing and other symptoms that are exacerbated during the crisis. The asthma crisis is an acute or subacute episode of dyspnea, cough, wheezing or chest pressure that occur, as unique symptoms or in any combination, in an asthmatic patient, who do not have a different explanation of asthma itself and who have sufficient magnitude and duration to cause a significant change in treatment or to motivate a medical consultation. It is accompanied by a decrease in the expiratory flow of air that can be quantified by spirometry or, in a practical way, by a manual device that measures the maximum or peak flow: peak expiratory flow (FEP) ... (AU)

Trastornos respiratorios en niños con síndrome de Down / Respiratory disorders in children with down syndrome

Respiratory disorders in children with Down syndrome (DS) are common, and frequently undiagnosed. They often present sleep disordered breathing, respiratory tract infections and recurrent wheezing. Children with DS also have associated conditions that contribute to recurrent respiratory problems, such as hypotonia, immune disorders, congenital heart disease and gastroesophageal reflux. An adequate knowledge of all possible causes of respiratory pathology in children with DS is necessary, in order to allow a proper diagnosis, management and prevention of complications.

Los problemas respiratorios en niños con Síndrome de Down (SD) son frecuentes y muchos de ellos subdiagnosticados siendo los más habituales los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, infecciones respiratorias y sibilancias recurrentes. Los niños con SD, además, tienen condiciones asociadas que contribuyen a sus problemas respiratorios recurrentes, como hipotonía, alteraciones inmunes, cardiopatías congénitas y reflujo gastroesofágico. Se debe tener un adecuado conocimiento de todas las posibles causas de patología respiratoria en niños con SD, para hacer un adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las complicaciones.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e associação com fatores de risco / Chronic non-communicable diseases and association with risk factors

Fundamentos: O envelhecimento populacional tem aumentado a prevalência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre relato de DCNT com fatores de risco. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 453 adultos entrevistados, >18 anos de idade, na cidade de Maringá, PR, Brasil, no período de 2011 a 2012. Realizou-se entrevista por meio de questionário proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Avaliados 453 adultos, idade entre 18-87 anos, média de 52,0±16,2 anos. A presença de DCNT foi observada em 44,8 % (n=203) pacientes. Dos entrevistados 77,5 % eram mulheres; maioria tinha idade ≥60 anos; 54,3 % declararam de 0-8 anos de estudo; 65,3 % eram casados/unidos; e a maioria de cor branca (66,4 %). Após análise por regressão logística, a presença de DNCT foi associada aos adultos mais velhos (p<0,01), aos que declararam cor da pele negra (p=0,01), IMC ≥25 kg/m2 (p<0,01) e entre aqueles que avaliaram sua saúde de modo geral como regular (p<0,01), ruim e muito/ruim (p<0,01). Conclusões: O presente estudo evidenciou que as DCNT foram mais prevalentes nos idosos, nos indivíduos de baixa escolaridade e sem companheiro. Os componentes de risco associados às DCNT foram tabagismo, sobrepeso/obesidade e condição de saúde autorrelatada como ruim/regular.

Background: An ageing population has increased the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To analyze the association between chronic non-communicable diseases and risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study interviewed 453 adults >18 years old in the town of Maringa, Paraná State during 2011 and 2012. These interviews were conducted through a questionnaire proposed by the Ministry of Health. Results: 453 adults were assessed, between 18 and 87 years old, with a mean age of 52.0±16.2 years and chronic non-communicable diseases noted in 44.8% (n=203). Among these respondents, 77.5% were women, most ≥60 years old, with 54.3% reporting 0-8 years of schooling; 65.3% were married / cohabiting and most (66.4%) were white. After the logistic regression analysis, the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases was associated with older adults (p<0.01), self-declared as black (p=0.01), BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (p<0.01) and rating their health in general as fair (p<0.01), poor and very poor (p<0.01). Conclusions: The present study showed that chronic non-communicable diseases were more prevalent among older people with little schooling and no partners. The risk components associated with chronic non-communicable diseases were smoking, overweight/obesity and self-reported health status as poor/fair.

Enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por aspirina / Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease

La enfermedad respiratoria es una patología que se presenta con una hipersensibilidad a la Aspirina y otros A.I.N.E.s, asma, rinosinusitis crónica y póliposis nasal generalmente. Afecta 0.3-0.9% de la población general, pero la prevalencia se eleva al 10-20% en los asmáticos y hasta un 30-40% en los asmáticos con poliposis nasal.Este trabajo comparó dos pacientes que comparten una misma entidad clínica con diferentes presentaciones, evoluciones y posibilidades terapéuticas

Respiratory disease is a condition that occurs with a hypersensitivity to aspirin and other NSAIDs, asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis generally. It affects 0.3-0.9% of the general population, but the prevalence rises to 10-20% in asthmatics and up to 30-40% in asthmatics with nasal polyposis. This study compared two patients sharing the same entity with different clinical presentations, and therapeutic potential developments

Prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia en niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas / Prevalence of early childhood caries in children with chronic respiratory diseases

Introducción: Se ha estipulado que los niños con condiciones crónicas de salud, pueden tener un alto riesgo de caries. Aunque la literatura sobre caries tempranas de la infancia (CTI) es extensa, poco se sabe acerca de su prevalencia en niños con estas condiciones. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de CTI en niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC) en el Hospital Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile y determinar su asociación con CTI. Pacientes y Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, sobre un total de 120 niños de 2 a 5 años 11 meses de edad, un grupo de estudio de 60 niños con ERC y un grupo control de 60 niños sanos fueron analizados. Se diagnosticó CTI de acuerdo a la definición aceptada por la AAPD, mediante un examen oral realizado por un operador bajo condiciones estandarizadas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa Stata 11. Resultados: La prevalencia de CTI fue de 53 por ciento en niños con ERC y 25 por ciento en niños sanos (p < 0,0001). El valor de Qdds Ratio para niños con ERC fue de 7,046 mostrando un incremento del riesgo de CTI, comparado con niños sanos. (95 por ciento CI: 2,372-20,929). Conclusión: En esta población, los niños con ERC presentan una alta prevalencia de CTI. En esta muestra se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre CTI y ERC.

Introduction: Children with chronic health conditions may have an increased risk for developing caries. Although the literature on early childhood cavities (ECC) is extensive, little is known about its prevalence in children with these conditions. objective: To determine the prevalence of ECC in children with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) at Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital in Santiago, Chile, and to determine their association. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 120 children aged 2 to 5 years 11 months, a study group of 60 children with CRD and a control group of 60 healthy children were analyzed. ECC was diagnosed meeting the ALAPD criteria, an oral exam conducted by an operator under standardized conditions. The Stata 11 program was used for statistical analysis. results: The prevalence of ECC was 53 percent in children with CRD and 25 percent in healthy children (p < 0.0001). The value of odds ratio for children with CRD was 7.046 showing an increased risk of ECC compared with healthy children. (95 percent CI: 2.372 to 20.929). Conclusion: In this population, children with CRD have a high prevalence of ECC. In this sample, a statistically significant association between ECC and CRD was found.

Fibrosis quística en el adulto: experiencia de un centro de referencia nacional / Cystic fibrosis in adults: experience of a national reference center

Background:Although in most patients the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is made during their first years of life, a proportion of patients is diagnosed during adulthood. Aim: To describe the features of adult patients diagnosed with CF. Materials and Methods: Analysis of medical records of patients diagnosed with CF in a public hospital devoted to respiratory diseases. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and microbiological data were recorded. Results: Fifty eight patients aged 25.4 ± 6.5 years were included. In 40% of them, CF was diagnosed after 15 years of age. The most common mutation found was AF508. Among clinical characteristics, lung involvement, mainly bronchiectasis, was found in 93%. The mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV,) was 65,7 ± 27,1%. Fifteen patients were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The main complication seen was hemoptysis, in 12% of patients. Five patients died, mostly due to respiratory distress associated with sepsis, while three were subjected to bilateral lung transplantation. Patients in whom the diagnosis of CF was made after 15 years of age, had lower frequency of AF508 mutation, were most commonly women and had a lower rate of pancreatic involvement. Conclusions: CF is a disease that is increasingly reaching adult population. CF must be suspected in adolescents and young adults who suffer chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectasis, particularly when they are colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or in patients who develop infections by uncommon organisms.

Broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias / Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases

Objetivo: describir los resultados de la aplicación de la broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de enfermedades respiratorias. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 116 pacientes a quienes se les efectuó broncoscopia. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, raza, indicación diagnóstica, hallazgos radiológicos, positividad de las técnicas aplicadas, rendimiento diagnóstico y complicaciones del proceder. Los datos obtenidos se resumieron mediante frecuencias simples, rangos y porcentaje. Se aplicaron pruebas de significación estadística chi cuadrado y el intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Para determinar la asociación entre variables se utilizó el odds ratio. Resultados: el 73,2 por ciento de la muestra estuvo constituida por hombres entre 51 y 70 años de edad y el 52,6 por ciento mostró elementos de sospecha radiológica de cáncer como indicación diagnóstica. El engrosamiento hiliar fue el hallazgo radiológico más notificado (30,1 por ciento) y el que se asoció con mayor rendimiento diagnóstico. El cáncer resultó la enfermedad más diagnosticada (68,0 por ciento). El 70,3 por ciento de los casos presentó concordancia entre el diagnóstico macroscópico y microscópico. La biopsia endobronquial con fórceps mostró mayor positividad diagnóstica (66,6 por ciento). El sangramiento y la hipoxia se informaron como complicaciones menores en un 10,35 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: la broncoscopia constituye una importante herramienta diagnóstica en el ámbito de las enfermedades respiratorias, su mayor rendimiento se registra ante la sospecha clínico-radiológica de cáncer, fundamentalmente ante hallazgos que hagan suponer localizaciones centrales, de manera que la biopsia endobronquial con fórceps es la técnica más útil en estos casos; la ocurrencia de complicaciones, poco frecuente y menor, se relaciona con la aplicación de técnicas

Objective: describe the results of the use of bronchoscopy to diagnose respiratory diseases. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 116 patients who underwent bronchoscopy. The variables studied were age, gender, race, diagnostic indication, radiological findings, positivity of the techniques applied, diagnostic yield and procedural complications. The data obtained were summarized by means of simple frequencies, ranges and percentage. Chi-square tests of statistical significance were applied and the confidence interval was 95 percent. The odds ratio was used to determine the association between variables. Results: 73.2 percent of the sample were men aged 51-70, and 52.6 percent showed elements of radiological suspicion of cancer as diagnostic indication. Hilar widening was the radiological finding most commonly reported (30.1 percent), and was associated with a higher diagnostic yield. Cancer was the most commonly diagnosed condition (68.0 percent). 70.3 percent of cases showed agreement between macroscopic and microscopic diagnoses. Endobronchial biopsy with forceps exhibited a higher diagnostic positivity (66.6 percent). Bleeding and hypoxia were reported as minor complications in 10.35 percent of cases. Conclusions: bronchoscopy is an important tool for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Its highest yield is recorded in the presence of clinical-radiological suspicion of cancer, mainly when findings arouse suspicion of central localizations, which makes endobronchial biopsy with forceps the most useful technique in those cases. The occurrence of infrequent minor complications is associated with the application of techniques

Anesthesia-related mortality in pediatric patients: a systematic review

This systematic review of the Brazilian and worldwide literature aimed to evaluate the incidence and causes of perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality in pediatric patients. Studies were identified by searching EMBASE (1951-2011), PubMed (1966-2011), LILACS (1986-2011), and SciElo (1995-2011). Each paper was revised to identify the author(s), the data source, the time period, the number of patients, the time of death, and the perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality rates. Twenty trials were assessed. Studies from Brazil and developed countries worldwide documented similar total anesthesia-related mortality rates (<1 death per 10,000 anesthetics) and declines in anesthesia-related mortality rates in the past decade. Higher anesthesia-related mortality rates (2.4-3.3 per 10,000 anesthetics) were found in studies from developing countries over the same time period. Interestingly, pediatric perioperative mortality rates have increased over the past decade, and the rates are higher in Brazil (9.8 per 10,000 anesthetics) and other developing countries (10.7-15.9 per 10,000 anesthetics) compared with developed countries (0.41-6.8 per 10,000 anesthetics), with the exception of Australia (13.4 per 10,000 anesthetics). The major risk factors are being newborn or less than 1 year old, ASA III or worse physical status, and undergoing emergency surgery, general anesthesia, or cardiac surgery. The main causes of mortality were problems with airway management and cardiocirculatory events. Our systematic review of the literature shows that the pediatric anesthesia-related mortality rates in Brazil and in developed countries are similar, whereas the pediatric perioperative mortality rates are higher in Brazil compared with developed countries. Most cases of anesthesiarelated mortality are associated with airway and cardiocirculatory events. The data regarding anesthesia-related and perioperative mortality rates may be useful in developing prevention strategies.

Avaliação do potencial genotóxico do impacto da queima de biomassa na região sul da Amazônia Legal: estudo de caso na Região de Tangará da Serra, MT / Evaluation of the genotoxic potential impact of biomass burning in southern Amazon: a case study in the Region of Tangara da Serra, MT

A Amazônia Legal brasileira vem sendo impactada com o desenvolvimentoeconômico e o uso do solo não sustentável, em especial, devido à expansão das commodities agrícolas sobre as áreas de florestas e grandes projetos de infraestrutura. A região de Tangará da Serra, Brasil está localizada no Sul da Amazônia Legal, caracterizando-se pela produção de cana-de-açúcar não mecanizada, além de estar na rota de dispersão da pluma dos poluentesgerados pela queima de biomassa no arco do desmatamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade gerado pela exposição aos poluentesatmosféricos liberados a partir da queima de biomassa. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios cromossômicos por meio da contagem de micronúcleo em sistema vegetal e humano, bem como análise de mutação gênica em sistema bacteriano. Os resultados mostraram uma fortecorrelação entre a exposição à poluição atmosférica da região e o aumento na frequência de micronúcleos em células de mucosa oral e de linhagem pulmonar humana, como também em células vegetais. O estudo também observou uma relação forte e significante entre afrequência de micronúcleos e a morbidade hospitalar por doenças respiratórias em criança. Em conclusão, o presente estudo mostra que o biomonitoramento através de um ensaio sensível e de baixo custo (ensaio de micronúcleo) pode ser uma alternativa para o monitoramento da qualidade do ar nas regiões remotas e pobres.

Fatores associados ao óbito em lactentes após eventos com aparente risco de morte (apparent life-threatening event, ALTE) / Factors associated with infant death after apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

OBJETIVO: Identificar, na admissão dos lactentes com após eventos com aparente risco de morte (apparent life-threatening event, ALTE), fatores que possam indicar maior risco de evolução para o óbito. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico com lactentes menores de 12 meses, com evento súbito de cianose, palidez, hipotonia e/ou apneia, atendidos na unidade de emergência de hospital universitário de nível terciário. Para avaliação da associação, determinaram-se os valores de odds ratio bruto e ajustado por regressão logística (método stepwise forward Wald). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 145 pacientes com idade média de 105 dias (mediana = 65 dias). Onze (7,6 por cento) evoluíram para óbito, com idade média de 189 dias (mediana = 218 dias), enquanto que a idade média dos sobreviventes foi de 98 dias (mediana = 62 dias) (p = 0,003). Atividades que precederam o evento, antecedente de prematuridade e número de episódios não apresentaram associação com o óbito. Apresentou relação significativa o relato de palidez pelos observadores. Entre os 11 lactentes, 3 apresentaram melhora imediata e espontânea; já 8 pacientes [27,6 por cento; p < 0,001; OR = 14,3 (IC95 por cento 3,51-58,3)] não tiveram melhora espontânea. Os diagnósticos de doença do trato respiratório e do sistema cardiocirculatório também foram significantes. Na análise multivariada, mostraram significância estatística: não melhora imediata e espontânea [p = 0,015; OR = 6,06 (IC95 por cento 1,02-35,94)] e diagnóstico de doença do sistema cardiocirculatório [p = 0,047; OR = 164,27 (IC95 por cento 7,34-3.673,78)]. CONCLUSÃO: Os lactentes que apresentaram ALTE tiveram maior risco de óbito quando presentes na faixa etária acima dos 6 meses e quando os eventos tiveram duração prolongada, principalmente quando ocorreram como manifestação de doenças do sistema cardiocirculatório.

OBJECTIVE: To detect factors associated with greater risk of death in infants after an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). METHODS: This cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and analytic study evaluated infants younger than 12 months who had a sudden event of cyanosis, pallor, hypotonia or apnea and were seen in the emergency department of a tertiary university hospital. Forward stepwise logistic regression (Wald) was used to calculate and adjust odds ratios to evaluate associations. RESULTS: Mean age of the 145 patients included in the study was 105 days (median = 65 days). Eleven (7.6 percent) died, and their mean age was 189 days (median = 218 days). Mean age of survivors was 98 days (median = 62 days) (p = 0.003). Activity before the event, prematurity and number of events were not associated with death. A significant association was found with pallor. Of the 11 infants, 3 had spontaneous resolution of ALTE, whereas 8 patients [27.6 percent; p < 0.001; OR = 14.3 (95 percentCI 3.51-58.3)] did not. The associations with respiratory or cardiovascular disease were also significant. In multivariate analysis, immediate spontaneous resolution [p = 0.015; OR = 6.06 (95 percentCI 1.02-35.94)] and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease [p = 0.047; OR = 164.27 (95 percentCI 7.34-3.673.78)] remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Infants who experienced an ALTE had a higher risk of subsequent death when their age was greater than 6 months and the event had a long duration, particularly when ALTE was associated with cardiovascular disease.